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Volatile compounds

Cannabis plants emit a very characteristic aroma. This is due to volatile compounds such as terpenes and flavonoids. These aromatic molecules are not only responsible for the smell and taste, but also interact with cannabinoids to create the so-called "entourage effect".

Fragrant effect – the terpenes

Around 140 of the many chemical components in cannabis belong to the group of organic hydrocarbons – the so-called terpenes. Like cannabinoids, terpenes are also mainly found in the resin secreted by the plant.

The combination of different terpenes defines the aroma of each plant. Cannabis is special in that each strain has a unique terpene profile. Research suggests that terpenes also possess medicinal properties independent of cannabinoids. Terpenes are nanoparticle-sized, aromatic molecules. Therefore, they can cross the blood-brain barrier—a layer that separates the brain from the bloodstream to prevent toxic substances from entering the brain. This means they can penetrate and exert their effects in the central nervous system. In contrast, the molecules in pharmaceutical drugs are too large to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Overview of cannabis terpenes

Terpenes are organic hydrocarbon compounds. They are called isoprenes because their structure is based on repeating isoprene chains (C5H8). Isoprene chains are divided into the following groups:

  • Monoterpenes: They consist of two isoprene chains, each with 5 carbon molecules (C10H16). The monoterpenes limonene, myrcene, pinene, terpinolene, and linalool are found in the cannabis plant.
  • Sesquiterpenes: They consist of three isoprene chains and therefore have 15 carbon molecules. Caryophyllene and humulene are sesquiterpenes.
  • Triterpenes: These terpenes, with 30 carbon molecules, are mainly found in the roots, fibers, and seeds of industrial hemp. Their production is stimulated by light radiation.

Functions of cannabis terpenes

Aromatic compounds are particularly concentrated in the flowers of female, unfertilized plants. The quantity and composition of a plant's terpenes depend on its genetics and growing conditions. These aromatic compounds protect the plant from parasites, harmful insects, bacteria, and fungi. At the same time, they attract pollinating insects. Each plant has a unique terpene combination—though it is similar in plants of the same variety. The revolutionary aspect of how aromatic compounds work lies, firstly, in their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Secondly, the terpenes in cannabis plants are constantly evolving genetically, so that even adaptable predators are outmatched.

The properties of terpenes

While the effects and properties of cannabinoids (especially THC and CBD) are well-researched, this is not the case for terpenes. Some studies have shown that terpenes contribute to the so-called "entourage effect." This means they enhance the therapeutic effects of other components, particularly cannabinoids. For example, neuroscientist Ethan Russo demonstrated that terpenes mitigate the adverse effects of THC, thus promoting the therapeutic efficacy of the cannabinoid. Russo suggests that the synergistic interaction of cannabinoids and terpenes can amplify the healing properties of cannabis.

More than just fragrances

Like THC, terpenes interact with the receptors of the endocannabinoid system, thus influencing the overall effect. Some terpenes alter the amount of THC that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Terpenes therefore influence how cannabis affects our bodies, and there are even studies that show these components can also affect dopamine and serotonin levels.

This is how terpenes can work

  • Myrcene: e.g., narcotic, calming effect
  • Limonene: promotes sharpness of mind and concentration
  • Beta-caryophyllene: has neuroprotective properties and is therefore suitable for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

Further research is needed to learn more about the therapeutic properties of these previously neglected components of the cannabis plant – both on their own and in combination with the cannabinoids.

Myrcen

Boiling point: 168°C

Myrcene is a monoterpene and, for various reasons, one of the most important terpenes. It can also be found in fresh mangoes, hops, bay leaves, eucalyptus or lemongrass, among other things. Mycreen has a synergistic effect with THC. For example, eating a fresh mango 45 minutes before consuming cannabis will increase the psychoactive effect of THC in most people. Many other chemical compounds can also be better absorbed by the body when combined with myrcene. Less well known is that a high myrcene level in the cannabis plant, exceeding 0.5%, can lead to the "couch lock" effect. Strains with a strong sedative effect typically have high myrcene levels.

Lemons

Boiling point: 176°C

This monoterpene is responsible for the wonderful citrus aroma of some cannabis strains and is found in the peels of citrus fruits, in rosemary and in mint. Limonene has antifungal, antibacterial and cancer-protective effects. Furthermore, it can have an effect against tumors and simultaneously stimulate the immune system. Plants use limonene to defend themselves against predators and pests. In humans, due to its molecular structure, limonene can cross the blood-brain barrier and improve cognitive function, attention, and concentration. It can also be used to treat psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety.

Linalool

Boiling point: 198 °C

This monoterpene emits a floral aroma, sometimes described as "lavender-like." This is not surprising, as it occurs in high concentrations in the lavender plant. Its anxiety-relieving and calming effects make it the perfect ally in the fight against insomnia. Linalool also exhibits anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. According to one study, linalool can help reduce inflammation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. It has also been shown to have positive effects on the immune system.

Pine

Boiling point: 155°C

Pinene is another monoterpene. Pine trees and tree resin contain this unique fragrance, as do rosemary, eucalyptus, and sage. It is used in many cough remedies and is effective against germs. According to studies, pinene destroys a chemical compound in the brain that in turn inhibits the coupling of neurons: This improves memory function. The terpene pinene is particularly abundant in Skunk varieties and is responsible for their unmistakably intense smell. It is partly responsible for the rapid onset of action of Skunk strains and possesses expectorant properties.

Caryophyllen

Boiling point: 176°C

Caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene found in many plants such as Thai basil, cloves, and black pepper. It has a rich, spicy aroma. Research has shown that β-Caryophyllene has an affinity for the CB2 endocannabinoid receptor. β-Caryophyllene is known to have antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal (against fungal diseases), antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects.

Humulen

Boiling point: 198 °C

Humulene is a sesquiterpene. These are also known as α-humulene and α-caryophyllene. Humulene is found, for example, in hops, cinnamon, oregano, many basil varieties, Cannabis sativa strains, and Vietnamese coriander. Humulene gives beer its "hoppy" aroma. It has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and appetite-suppressing properties. In Chinese medicine, humulene has long been used successfully against inflammation. Humulene binds to the CB1 and CB2 receptors, has no intoxicating effect and can therefore be used as a starting material for the development of new drugs.

The complexity of cannabis aroma:
new insights into terpenes and flavorants

Cannabis is known for its unique and diverse aroma, ranging from sweet and fruity to earthy and spicy. This varied scent is primarily determined by the plant's secondary metabolites. Historically, terpenes—volatile aromatic compounds—were thought to be the main culprits behind these distinctive fragrances. 

However, research now reveals a more complex picture

A groundbreaking study by Abstrax Tech, in collaboration with 710 Labs and Markes International, has expanded our understanding of cannabis aromas. Even though two cannabis strains may have similar terpene concentrations, their aromas can still vary significantly. This suggests that terpenes are not the only factors determining aroma. The study analyzed 31 different cannabis strains, conducting both sensory and chemical analyses. Surprisingly, many strains, despite their different aromas, were found to have similar chemical profiles. This led to the realization that, in addition to terpenes, other compounds—known as "flavorants"—play a crucial role.

The interplay of terpenes and flavorants is probably responsible for the diverse aromas of cannabis.

Flavorants, as non-terpenoid compounds, play a crucial role in aroma formation in the cannabis plant. The study identified over 60 unique flavorant compounds in the analyzed strains, which significantly contribute to the unique and diverse aromas of cannabis. The summary makes it clear that the aroma of cannabis is not solely determined by terpenes. Rather, the fascinating diversity of scents arises from the perfect interplay of terpenes and flavorants. These findings open up innovative avenues for the targeted breeding and classification of cannabis based on its characteristic aroma. Furthermore, they could pave the way for the development of aromatherapy and other therapeutic applications.

Flavonoids in cannabis – untapped potential for health

Flavonoids, a diverse group of plant compounds, are not only responsible for the vibrant colors of plants like cannabis, but also play a crucial role in protecting against environmental stress and pathogens. The health-promoting properties of flavonoids are of particular interest in the context of cannabis. In addition to their antioxidant effects, they are also attributed with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.

Some of the flavonoids found in cannabis include cannaflavin A/B/C, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, and various derivatives. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Here are some potential health benefits of flavonoids associated with cannabis:

  • Antioxidant properties: Flavonoids have strong antioxidant properties that can help protect cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. Oxidative stress is associated with various diseases, including cancer.
  • Anti-inflammatory effect: Some flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is often associated with various health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.
  • Immunomodulation: Flavonoids can influence and modulate the immune system. This could help maintain the balance of the immune system and possibly influence autoimmune diseases.
  • Neuroprotective effects: Some studies suggest that certain flavonoids may have neuroprotective properties, meaning they could protect the nervous system. This could potentially be important in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

The exact composition of flavonoids in cannabis can vary depending on the strain, growing conditions, and other environmental factors. Research into the specific health effects of these flavonoids in relation to cannabis is ongoing, and further studies are needed to understand their precise mechanisms and potential benefits. It is important to note that flavonoids are not only found in cannabis but also in many other fruits and vegetables and can be part of a balanced diet.

These flavonoids are found in cannabis

Quercetin

A powerful antioxidant found in many plants, including cannabis. Quercetin is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and can help protect cells from oxidative stress.

Kaempferol

Another flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been associated with potential cardioprotective (heart-protecting) effects in some studies.

Apigenin

This flavonoid is known for its calming properties and is frequently used in traditional medicine for its relaxing effects. It may also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Cannaflavin A, B, C

Specific flavonoids previously found only in cannabis. Cannaflavin A has been particularly intensively researched and has anti-inflammatory properties that may be stronger than those of other known anti-inflammatory substances such as aspirin.

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