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Volatile connections

Cannabis plants give off a very distinctive scent. Volatile compounds such as terpenes and flavonoids are responsible for this. These aromatic molecules are not only responsible for smell and taste, but also interact with cannabinoids to create the so-called “entourage effect”.

Fragrant effect – the terpenes

Around 140 of the many chemical components in cannabis belong to the group of organic hydrocarbons - the so-called terpenes. Like cannabinoids, terpenes are mainly found in the resin secreted by the plant.

The combination of different terpenes defines the scent of each plant. Cannabis is special in that each strain has a unique profile of terpenes. Research suggests that terpenes also have medicinal properties that are independent of cannabinoids. Terpenes are nanoparticle-sized, aromatic molecules. That's why they can overcome the blood-brain barrier - a layer that separates the brain from the blood so that no toxic substances get into the brain. This means that they penetrate into the central nervous system and act there. The molecules in active pharmaceutical ingredients, on the other hand, are too large to overcome the blood-brain barrier.

Overview of cannabis terpenes

Terpenes are organic hydrocarbon compounds. They are called isoprenes because their structure is based on repeating isoprene chains (C5H8). Isoprene chains are divided into the following groups:

  • Monoterpenes: They consist of two isoprene chains, each with 5 carbon molecules (C10H16). The monoterpenes limonene, myrcene, pinene, terpinolene and linalool are found in the cannabis plant.
  • Sesquiterpenes: They are made up of three isoprene chains and therefore have 15 carbon molecules. Caryophyllene and humulene are sequiterpenes.
  • Triterpenes: These terpenes, containing 30 carbon molecules, are primarily found in the roots, fibers, and seeds of industrial hemp. The production of terpenes is stimulated by light radiation.

Functions of cannabis terpenes

The aromatic ingredients are particularly highly concentrated in the flowers of female, unfertilized plants. The amount and composition of a plant's terpenes depends on its genetics and growing conditions. The fragrances protect the plant from parasites, harmful insects, bacteria and fungi. At the same time, they attract pollinating insects. Each plant has a unique terpene combination - but it is similar between plants of the same strain. The revolutionary thing about the way aromatic substances work is, on the one hand, that they can cross the blood-brain barrier. On the other hand, the terpene Canabis plants continue to develop genetically, so that even adaptable (feeding) enemies are left behind.

The properties of terpenes

While the effects and properties of cannabinoids (particularly THC and CBD) have already been well researched, this is not the case with terpenes. Some studies have shown that terpenes contribute to the so-called “entourage effect”. This means that they enhance the therapeutic effects of other components, especially cannabinoids. Neuroscientist Ethan Russo proved that terpenes mitigate the adverse effects of THC and thus promote the therapeutic effectiveness of the cannabinoid. Russo believes that the interaction of cannabinoids and terpenes can enhance the healing properties of cannabis.

More than just fragrances

Like THC, terpenes interact with the receptors of the endocannabinoid system and thus influence the overall effect. Some terpenes alter the amount of THC that passes through the blood-brain barrier. Terpenes have an impact on how cannabis affects our bodies and there are even studies showing that these components can also affect dopamine and serotonin levels.

This is how terpenes can work

  • Myrcene: e.g. narcotic, calming effect
  • Limonene : promotes sharpness and concentration
  • Beta-caryophyllene : has neuroprotective properties and is therefore suitable for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's

Further research is needed to find out more about the therapeutic properties of these previously neglected components of the cannabis plant - both on their own and in conjunction with the cannabinoids.

Myrcene

Boiling point: 168°C

Myrcene is a monoterpene and one of the most important terpenes for various reasons. It can also be found in fresh mangoes, hops, bay leaves, eucalyptus or lemongrass, among other things. Mycren has a synergistic effect with THC. For example, if you eat a fresh mango 45 minutes before consuming cannabis, the psychoactive effects of THC will be increased in most people. Many other chemical compounds can also be better absorbed by the body when combined with myrcene. What is less known is that high myrcene levels in the cannabis plant of over 0.5% can lead to the “couch lock” effect. Varieties with a strong sedative effect usually have a high myrcene level.

Limonene

Boiling point: 176°C

This monoterpene provides the wonderful citrus aroma of some cannabis strains and is found in citrus fruit peels, rosemary and mint. Limonene has antifungal, antibacterial and anti-cancer effects. It can also work against tumors and stimulate the immune system at the same time. Plants use limonene to ward off predators or pests. In humans, limonene can reach the brain because of its molecular structure and improve thinking skills, attention and concentration. In psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders, it can be used to treat depression or anxiety disorders.

Linalool

Boiling point: 198°C

This monoterpene gives off a floral, sometimes described as “lavender-like” aroma. Not surprising, because it is found in highly concentrated concentrations in the lavender plant. Its anti-anxiety and calming effects make it the perfect ally in combating insomnia. Linalool also has anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. According to a study, linalool may help reduce inflammation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. It has also been proven to have positive effects on the immune system.

Pinene

Boiling point: 155°C

Pinene is another monoterpene. Pine and tree resin contain this unique scent, as do rosemary, eucalyptus and sage. It is used in many cough remedies and is effective against germs. According to studies, pinene destroys a chemical compound in the brain, which in turn inhibits the coupling of neurons: This improves memory function. The terpene pinene is particularly present in Skunk strains and gives them their distinctively intense smell. It is partly responsible for the quick onset of effects of Skunk strains and has expectorant properties.

Caryophyllene

Boiling point: 176°C

Caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene that is found in many plants such as Thai basil, cloves and black pepper. It has a rich, spicy smell. Research has proven that β–Caryophyllene-Caryophyllene has affinity for the CB2 endocannabinoid receptor. β–Caryophyllene is known to have antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal (against fungal diseases), antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects.

Humulene

Boiling point: 198°C

Humulene is a sesquiterpene. These are also known as α-humulene and α-caryophyllene. Humulene is found, for example, in hops, cinnamon, oregano, many types of basil, cannabis sativa strains and Vietnamese coriander. Humulene gives beer its “hoppy” aroma. It has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and appetite-suppressing properties. Humulene has long been used successfully in Chinese medicine to combat inflammation. Humulene acts on the CB1 and CB2 receptors, has no intoxicating effect and can therefore be used as a starting material for the development of new drugs.

The complexity of cannabis aroma:
new insights into terpenes and flavorants

Cannabis is known for its unique and diverse aroma, ranging from sweet and fruity to earthy and spicy. This diverse smell is mainly determined by the plant's secondary metabolites. Historically, terpenes – volatile aromatic compounds – were believed to be the main culprits for these unique scents.  

But research now shows a more complex picture

A groundbreaking study by Abstrax Tech, in collaboration with 710 Labs and Markes International, has expanded our understanding of the flavors of cannabis. Although two cannabis strains may have similar terpene concentrations, their flavors can still vary greatly. This suggests that terpenes are not the only factors that determine aroma. The study analyzed 31 different cannabis strains, using both sensory and chemical analyses. Surprisingly, it was found that many varieties had similar chemical profiles despite different aromas. This led to the realization that, in addition to terpenes, other compounds – so-called “flavorants” – also play a crucial role.

The interaction of terpenes and flavorants is probably responsible for the diverse scents of cannabis

Flavorants, as non-terpenoid compounds, play a crucial role in the formation of aromas in the cannabis plant. The study identified over 60 unique flavorant compounds in the strains analyzed, which contribute significantly to the unique and diverse aromas of cannabis. The summary makes it clear that the aroma of cannabis is not exclusively characterized by terpenes. Rather, the fascinating variety of scents arises from the perfect interaction of terpenes and flavorants. These findings open innovative avenues for the targeted breeding and classification of cannabis based on its characteristic aroma . They could also lead the way in the development of aromatherapy and other therapeutic applications.

Flavonoids in cannabis – unexplored potential for health

Flavonoids, a diverse group of plant compounds, are not only responsible for the color diversity of plants such as cannabis, but also play a crucial role in protection against environmental stress and pathogens. The health-promoting properties of flavonoids are of great interest, particularly in the context of cannabis. In addition to their antioxidant effects, they are also said to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

Some of the flavonoids found in cannabis are cannaflavin A/B/C, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and various derivatives. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Here are some possible health benefits of flavonoids related to cannabis:

  • Antioxidant Properties: Flavonoids have powerful antioxidant properties that can help protect cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage. Oxidative stress is associated with various diseases, including cancer.
  • Anti-inflammatory effects: Some flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is often linked to various health problems such as heart disease, diabetes and autoimmune diseases.
  • Immunomodulation: Flavonoids can influence and modulate the immune system. This could help maintain immune system balance and potentially influence autoimmune diseases.
  • Neuroprotective effects: Some studies suggest that certain flavonoids may have neuroprotective properties, meaning they could protect the nervous system. This could potentially be important in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

The exact composition of flavonoids in cannabis can vary depending on the strain, growing conditions and other environmental factors. Research on the specific health effects of these flavonoids associated with cannabis is still ongoing, and further studies are needed to understand their precise mechanisms and potential benefits. It is important to note that flavonoids are found not only in cannabis, but also in many other fruits and vegetables and can be part of a balanced diet.

These flavonoids are found in cannabis

Quercetin

A powerful antioxidant found in many plants, including cannabis. Quercetin is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and may help protect cells from oxidative stress.

Kaempferol

Another flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been linked to potential cardioprotective effects in some studies.

Apigenin

This flavonoid is known for its calming properties and is often used in traditional medicine for its relaxing effects. It may also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Cannaflavin A, B, C

Specific flavonoids that have previously only been found in cannabis. Cannaflavine A has been particularly extensively researched and has anti-inflammatory properties that may be stronger than those of other known anti-inflammatory substances such as aspirin.

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